Fixed, Dilated, and Cannulated - Medical Management of Elevated Intracranial Pressures due to a Large Intracranial Hemorrhage in a Patient on Veno-Venous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Case Report

Abstract

A 40-year-old woman presented with mediastinitis, necrotizing pancreatitis, and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome with refractory acidemia (pH 7.14) and hypercapnia (PaCO2 115 mmHg), requiring veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Eight hours after cannulation, and rapid correction of PaCO2 to 44 mmHg, she was found to have bilaterally fixed and dilated pupils. Imaging showed a 60 mL left-sided temporoparietal intracranial hemorrhage with surrounding edema, 8 mm midline shift, intraventricular hemorrhage, and impending herniation. Decompressive hemicraniectomy was not offered due to concern for medical instability. After receiving a dose of mannitol, her pupillary and motor exam improved. An intracranial pressure (ICP) monitor was placed to guide hyperosmolar therapy administration, hemodynamic targets, and sweep gas titration. On hospital day (HD) 5, her ICP monitor was removed. Follow-up imaging revealed resolution of mass effect and no brainstem injury. She was subsequently extubated (HD 9) and discharged home (HD 40). One year after hospitalization, she is living at home with minimal residual deficits. This case highlights the utility of targeted, medical ICP management and importance of assessing response to conservative therapies when considering prognosis in patients on ECMO with severe acute brain injury.