Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Primary Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate Repair

Abstract

Objective To examine the impact of race/ethnicity on timing and postoperative outcomes of primary cleft lip (CL) and cleft palate (CP) repair. Design Cross-sectional analysis of the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Pediatric (NSQIP-P) database from 2013 to 2018. Patients and main outcome measures Patients under 2 years of age who underwent primary CL or CP repair were identified in the NSQIP-P. Outcomes were the timing of surgery and 30-day readmission and reoperation rates stratified by race and ethnicity. Results In total, 6021 children underwent CL and 6938 underwent CP repair. Adjusted rates of CL repair over time were 10% lower in Hispanic children (95%CI: 0.84–0.96) and 38% lower for Asian children (95%CI: 0.55–0.70) compared with White infants. CP repair rates over time were 13% lower in Black (95%CI: 0.79–0.95), 17% lower in Hispanic (95%CI: 0.77–0.89), and 53% lower in Asian children (95%CI: 0.43–0.53) than in White infants. Asian patients had the highest rates of delayed surgical repair, with 19.3% not meeting American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association (ACPA) guidelines for CL ( P < .001) and 28.2% for CP repair ( P< .001). Black and Hispanic children had 80% higher odds of readmission following primary CL repair (95%CI: 1.16–2.83 and 95%CI: 1.27–2.61, respectively). Conclusions This study of a national database identified several racial/ethnic disparities in primary CL and CP, with reduced receipt of cleft repair over time for non-White children. Asian patients were significantly more likely to have delayed cleft repair per ACPA guidelines. These findings underscore the need to better understand disparities in cleft repair timing and postoperative outcomes.