Nerolidol Attenuates Cerebral Ischemic Injury in Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion-Induced Rats via Regulation of Inflammation, Apoptosis, and Oxidative Stress Markers

Abstract

Background Cerebral ischemia is a syndrome that occurs due to the restricted flow of oxygen-rich blood to the brain, causing damage to the brain cells. Globally, ischemia ranks second in causing mortality and third in causing disability in stroke patients. Nerolidol is a bioactive compound present in the essential oil of plants with a floral odour. It is a natural sesquiterpene alcohol used in cosmetics, perfumes, and as a food flavouring agent. It also possesses antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Materials and Methods In this study, we assessed the anti-ischemic property of nerolidol in cerebral ischemia-induced mice. Healthy male Wistar rats were induced into cerebral ischemia with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and treated with 10 mg and 20 mg nerolidol for 21 days. The brain morphometric, antioxidant, and MMP levels were estimated in the brain tissue of MCAO-performed and nerolidol-treated rats. The cerebral infarct-alleviating potency of nerolidol was analysed by estimating the levels of inflammatory cytokines and apoptotic proteins. It was further confirmed by assessing the levels of COX-2/PGE-2 signalling proteins in brain tissue from MCAO-performed in rats. Results Nerolidol significantly reduced the cerebral infarct volume and brain edema via increased antioxidant levels and decreased MMPs. It also decreased the pro-inflammatory cytokines and proapoptotic proteins in brain tissue. The inflammatory signalling proteins NFκB, COX-2, and PGE-2 were significantly decreased in nerolidol-treated MCAO-performed rats, confirming the antiischemic property of nerolidol. Conclusion Our results prove nerolidol significantly alleviates cerebral ischemia in rats, and it can be subjected to further trials to be formulated as an anti-ischemic drug.