Narrative Review of Paraphilias: An Indian Perspective

Abstract

Introduction: Paraphilias, encompassing a diverse range of atypical sexual interests and behaviors, have been a subject of profound interest and scrutiny throughout history. These sexual interests are a matter of debate with the changing society and also with the changing world view. The rise in awareness about abnormal sexual interests also poses difficulty in adding to the existing list. Objectives: This article aims to provide a comprehensive exploration of the historical underpinnings, current diagnostic criteria, legal considerations in India, and treatment approaches available for paraphilias. Methodology: Electronic searches were done on PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Search term included were “paraphilias,” “history,” “nosology,” “legislation,” “law,” “treatment guidelines,” and “treatment recommendations” in various combinations. An independent online search was also conducted for historical and legal aspects of India. Results: The classification and understanding of paraphilias have evolved over time, with some being removed from criminalized groups and laws and legislation changing based on societal norms. ICD and DSM have become more structured, but need constant updating. India's laws need to be more specific and streamlined, and guidelines have not been assessed for effectiveness. Paraphilias has been treated as a foster child in psychiatry, raising concerns about treatment options.