Adequacy Targets of Peritoneal Dialysis in the Asian Population

Abstract

End-stage renal disease affects a large number of patients in Asia. The percentage of patients utilizing PD varies significantly in Asian countries. Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) accounts for about 80% of the dialysis population in Hong Kong. In this review, we address several questions related to adequacy targets in Asians: Are Asians different? Is dialysis adequacy important for Asians? What is the magnitude of the benefit and the optimal dose of dialysis prescription? Is the adequacy target realistic? The current international recommendations, including the Dialysis Outcomes Quality Initiative guidelines, are compared with some of our own data for Asian patients. Our published data on dialysis adequacy, nutrition, residual renal function, and peritoneal membrane transport showed that those factors have a significant impact on the morbidity and mortality of PD patients in Hong Kong. Our results show that solute clearance as measured by Kt/V has a significant impact on the outcome of Asian CAPD patients. Although Chinese PD patients have excellent medium-term patient and technique survival despite an apparently lower Kt/V as compared with the CANUSA standard, that favorable outcome should not prevent nephrologists from providing adequate dialysis to Asian patients. From our own data and analysis, we propose a target Kt/V of 1.9 in Asian CAPD populations. Small-volume dialysis (6 L daily) may be an acceptable compromise in some Asian populations with a smaller body size, especially with residual renal function, given the financial constraints in some developing countries. Dialysis adequacy means more than a Kt/V value; other clinical parameters are equally if not more important. Thus we should also aim at achieving adequate fluid removal and volume homeostasis, blood pressure control, good nutrition, normal acid–base balance, normal mineral metabolism, minimal anemia, and normal lipid metabolism.