Intraperitoneal vancomycin for peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis in children: Evaluation of loading dose guidelines

Abstract

Background: Current pediatric International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis guidelines for initial treatment of peritoneal dialysis (PD)-associated peritonitis suggest either monotherapy with cefepime or double therapy with first-generation cephalosporin or glycopeptide and ceftazidime or aminoglycoside. When using vancomycin, the intraperitoneal (IP) recommended pediatric loading dosage is 1000 mg/L of dialysate. This is based on adult pharmacokinetic (PK) studies and roughly translates to the adult recommendation where 30 mg/kg in 2 L is approximately 1000 mg/L. However, since the dialysate volume in pediatric patients is normalized to body surface area and not weight, the current recommended dosing can result in high vancomycin exposure in children. Vancomycin can potentially cause adverse effects. We aimed to determine if the IP vancomycin dosing of 1000 mg/L was causing elevated vancomycin levels and to offer possible dosing recommendations based on PK modeling and simulation. Methods: Retrospective review of pediatric patients who had been treated with IP vancomycin for PD-associated peritonitis. Vancomycin levels obtained for clinical monitoring were analyzed using NONMEM to generate population and individual (empiric Bayesian) estimates of vancomycin PK parameters and estimated peak levels. Predicted vancomycin peaks were also simulated from virtual pediatrics patients 3–70 kg following various dosing strategies. Results: Six episodes of peritonitis in three patients were analyzed. In the two episodes treated with 1000 mg/L, the first vancomycin levels (h post) were 95.6 ug/mL (3) and 49 (33) and following 500 mg/L were 33.2 (11), 30.2 (11), 23.6 (24), and 22.1 (11). All patients were cured of their peritonitis without the need for catheter removal. Based on our population PK model, a 1000 mg/L IP vancomycin loading dose will typically result in peak > 50 mg/L in patients weighing <35 kg and >60 mg/L in patients <15 kg. Vancomycin levels will remain above 20 mg/L for over 2 days without additional vancomycin dosing. Conclusion: The data suggest that a loading dose of vancomycin 1000 mg/L leads to higher than desired vancomycin levels and should be lowered. A 500 mg/L loading dosing appears more appropriate and needs further study.