Appetitive and Aversive Motivation in Dysregulated Behaviors: A Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Appetitive and aversive motivation are prominent in theories of dysregulated behaviors. The authors conducted a meta-analysis of the association between individual differences in appetitive and aversive motivation and several dysregulated behaviors (i.e., alcohol use, marijuana use, tobacco use, binge eating, aggression, gambling, and nonsuicidal self-injury). Alcohol use ( r = .17, k = 141), marijuana use ( r = .13, k = 23), aggression ( r = .22, k = 52), and gambling ( r = .08, k = 55) were all significantly positively related to appetitive motivation. Binge eating ( r = .28, k = 34) and self-injury ( r = .17, k = 10) were significantly positively related to aversive motivation. Effect sizes were similar to the median effect size in personality research. Together, these results provide some evidence that some dysregulated behaviors are more correlated with approach motivation, whereas others are more correlated with aversive motivation, which may indicate distinct etiological pathways.