Biological Monitoring of Nickel
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Published:1986-01
Issue:1
Volume:2
Page:17-78
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ISSN:0748-2337
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Container-title:Toxicology and Industrial Health
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language:en
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Short-container-title:Toxicol Ind Health
Author:
Sunderman F. William1, Aitio Anterior2, Morgan Lindsay G.3, Norseth Tor4
Affiliation:
1. Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pharmacology University of Connecticut School of Medicine Farmington, Connecticut, USA 2. Department of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology Institute of Occupational Health Helsinki, Finland 3. Medical Department, INCO Europe, Ltd. Clydach, Swansea, United Kingdom 4. Institute of Environmental Health Oslo, Norway
Abstract
Measurements of nickel in body fluids, excreta, and tissues from humans with occupational, environmental, and iatrogenic expo sures to nickel compounds are comprehensively reviewed. Correla tions between levels of human exposures to various classes of nickel compounds via inhalation, oral, or parenteral routes and the corresponding concentrations of nickel in biological samples are critically evaluated. The major conclusions include the following points: (1) Measurements of nickel concentrations in body fluids, especially urine and serum, provide meaningful insights into the extent of nickel exposures, provided these data are interpreted with knowledge of (a) the exposure routes, sources, and durations, (b) the chemical identities and physical-chemical properties of the nickel compounds, and (c) relevant clinical and physiological information, such as renal function. (2) Nickel concentrations in body fluids should not, at present, be viewed as indicators of spe cific health risks, except in persons exposed to nickel carbonyl, for whom urine nickel concentrations provide prognostic guidance on the severity of the poisoning. (3) In persons exposed to soluble nickel compounds (e.g., NiCl2, NiSO4 ), nickel concentrations in body fluids are generally proportional to exposure levels; absence of increased values usually indicates non-significant exposure; pres ence of increased values should be a signal to reduce the exposure. (4) In persons exposed to less soluble nickel compounds (e.g., Ni3S2, NiO), increased concentrations of nickel in body fluids are indicative of significant nickel absorption and should be a signal to reduce the exposures to the lowest levels attainable with available technology; absence of increased values does not necessarily indi cate freedom from the health risks (e.g., cancers of lung and nasal cavities) associated with exposures to certain relatively insoluble nickel compounds.
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Subject
Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health,Toxicology
Reference255 articles.
1. Abraham, J.L., Barton, R.T., Hogetveit, A.C., Andersen, I. and Smith, G. (1980). Microanalysis of inorganic particles in situ in the lungs of Norwegian nickel refinery workers. In: Brown, S.S. and Sunderman, F.W., Jr., eds. Nickel Toxicology, London, Academic Press, pp 155-158. 2. Adams, D.B. (1980). The routine determination of nickel and creatinine in urine. In: Brown, S.S. and Sunderman, F.W., Jr., eds. Nickel Toxicology , London, Academic Press, pp 99-102. 3. Interlaboratory comparisons of nickel analyses in urine by atomic absorption spectrometry. 4. Assessment of differential-pulse adsorption voltammetry for the simultaneous determination of nickel and cobalt in biological materials 5. Aitio, A. (1984). Biological monitoring of occupational exposure to nickel. In: Sunderman, F.W., Jr., ed.in-chief, Nickel in the Human Environment, Lyon, IARC, pp 497-505.
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