Respiratory Dose-Response Study of Normal and Asthmatic Volunteers Exposed to Sulfuric Acid Aerosol in the Sub-Micrometer Size Range

Abstract

Twenty-one healthy and 21 asthmatic volunteers were exposed to respirable sulfuric acid aerosol (mass median particle diameter approximately 0.9 pm, geometric standard deviation 2.5) in a chamber at 21° and 50% relative humidity. Measured sulfuric acid concentrations averaged 0, 380, 1060, and 1520 μg/m3 (in the occupational range, higher than concentrations observed in ambient air pollution). Exposures to different concentrations occurred in randomized order 1 week apart. They lasted 1 hr and included three 10-min periods of heavy exercise. Healthy volunteers showed no statistically significant changes in pulmonary function. airway reactivity to inhaled methacholine, or overall reporting of irritant symptoms which could be attributed to acid exposure. They did show a slight statistically significant (P <. 01) increase in cough with increasing acid concentration. At the two highest acid concentrations, asthmatics showed significant increases in irritant symptoms and decrements in pulmonary function, without significant changes in airway reactivity. Their function decrements appeared to increase with time during exposure. Previous studies in fog (10°, median particle diameter approximately 10 urn) with similar concentrations of sulfuric acid showed more symptoms but less pulmonary function change, perhaps reflecting different sites of particle deposition in airways and/or different degrees of neutralization by airway ammonia. This and earlier evidence predicts little, if any, acute irritant response in short-term (1 hr or less) exposures to sulfuric acid at concentrations found in ambient air pollution.