Subclinical abnormalities in workers with continuous low-level toluene exposure

Abstract

Short-term exposure to a high concentration (TWA > 100 ppm) of toluene can cause hepatotocixity and neurotoxicity in humans. Data on the effects of exposure to low levels of toluene, however, are controversial. In addition, few studies on the effects of toluene exposure on the autonomic nervous system have been conducted. Urine samples from 34 male factory workers in Taiwan who were exposed to low levels of toluene either intermittently (n = 13) or continuously (n = 21) were taken on a Monday morning after a 2-day hiatus and at the end of the workweek on Friday evening. Urinary hippuric acid levels were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A complete blood work-up was also performed for each subject. The prevalence and severity of neurotoxic symptoms were investigated by a self-reported questionnaire, a neuropsychiatric battery, and sympathetic and peripheral nerve function tests. The mean value of urinary hippuric acid corrected for creatinine (Cr) was 0.34 ± 0.18 g/g Cr on Monday morning and 0.43 ± 0.26 g/g Cr on Friday evening. The difference in the mean value of urinary hippuric acid between the two periods (p < 0.01) and the odds ratio of impairment of sympathetic (OR = 4.13, p = 0.11) and peripheral nerves (OR = 6.94, p = 0.074) were higher in workers continuously exposed to toluene. In addition, workers who were continuously exposed to toluene had a lower mean platelet count (216 ± 41 × 106 /µL) than workers who were intermittently exposed (252 ± 40 × 106/µL), (p = 0.018). Furthermore, there was a positive relationship between neurological abnormalities and a self-reported neuropsychiatric measurement (r = 0.35-0.66, p < 0.05) in all workers. These data suggest that continuous exposure to low levels of toluene may be associated with sympathetic and peripheral nerve dysfunction and sub-clinical hematological damage. Further research needs to be carried out regarding how chronic exposure to low-levels of toluene affects workers.