Waiting to Vote in the 2016 Presidential Election: Evidence from a Multi-county Study

Author:

Stein Robert M.1,Mann Christopher2,Stewart Charles3,Birenbaum Zachary1,Fung Anson1,Greenberg Jed1,Kawsar Farhan1,Alberda Gayle4,Alvarez R. Michael5,Atkeson Lonna6,Beaulieu Emily7,Birkhead Nathaniel A.8,Boehmke Frederick J.9,Boston Joshua10,Burden Barry C.11,Cantu Francisco12,Cobb Rachael13,Darmofal David14,Ellington Thomas C.15,Fine Terri Susan16,Finocchiaro Charles J.17,Gilbert Michael D.18,Haynes Victor19,Janssen Brian9,Kimball David20,Kromkowski Charles18,Llaudet Elena13,Mayer Kenneth R.11,Miles Matthew R.21,Miller David10,Nielson Lindsay22,Ouyang Yu23,Panagopoulos Costas24,Reeves Andrew10,Seo Min Hee10,Simmons Haley25,Smidt Corwin26,Stone Farrah M.27,VanSickle-Ward Rachel28,Victor Jennifer Nicoll29,Wood Abby30,Wronski Julie25

Affiliation:

1. Rice University, Houston, TX, USA

2. Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA

3. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

4. Fairfield University, Fairfield, CT, USA

5. California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA

6. University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA

7. University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA

8. Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA

9. University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA

10. Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA

11. University of Wisconsin–Madison, WI, USA

12. University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA

13. Suffolk University, Boston, MA, USA

14. University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA

15. Wesleyan College, Macon, GA, USA

16. University of Central Florida, Orlando, Fl. USA

17. University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA

18. University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA

19. Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, USA

20. University of Missouri–St. Louis, MO, USA

21. Brigham Young University—Idaho, Rexburg, ID, USA

22. Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, USA

23. Purdue University Northwest, Hammond, IN, USA

24. Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA

25. University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA

26. Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA

27. Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA

28. Pitzer College, Claremont, CA, USA

29. George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA

30. University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA

Abstract

This paper is the result of a nationwide study of polling place dynamics in the 2016 presidential election. Research teams, recruited from local colleges and universities and located in twenty-eight election jurisdictions across the United States, observed and timed voters as they entered the queue at their respective polling places and then voted. We report results about four specific polling place operations and practices: the length of the check-in line, the number of voters leaving the check-in line once they have joined it, the time for a voter to check in to vote (i.e., verify voter’s identification and obtain a ballot), and the time to complete a ballot. Long lines, waiting times, and times to vote are closely related to time of day (mornings are busiest for polling places). We found the recent adoption of photographic voter identification (ID) requirements to have a disparate effect on the time to check in among white and nonwhite polling places. In majority-white polling places, scanning a voter’s driver’s license speeds up the check-in process. In majority nonwhite polling locations, the effect of strict voter ID requirements increases time to check in, albeit modestly.

Publisher

SAGE Publications

Subject

Sociology and Political Science

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