Clinical and Histological Associations of Chronic Inflammatory Lesions in Preterm Placentas: Uncovering the Hidden Dangers

Abstract

Background: Chronic placental inflammatory lesions (CPIL) include chronic deciduitis (CD), villitis of unknown etiology (VUE), and chronic chorioamnionitis (CCA). The frequency of these lesions and their relationship with various clinicopathological parameters in preterm birth (PTB) is presented. Material and Methods: Preterm placentas from April 2018 to December 2020 were reviewed for presence of CPIL. PTB was classified as spontaneous, indicated, or mixed phenotype. The association of CPIL with clinical parameters like gestational age, birth weight, obstetric complications, and placental parameters like placental dimensions, weight, vascular malperfusion, acute inflammatory lesions, and basal plate myometrial fibers were analyzed. Results: The study included 538 preterm placentas with 54.3% from indicated PTB. CD was more common (28.4%) than VUE (17.8%) and CCA (12.6%). CD showed significant association with VUE and CCA (both P = .0001) and VUE with CCA ( P = .0001). CD was more common in indicated PTB (33.8%, P = .002) and associated with lower birth weight (1591 g vs 1705 g, P = .003), lower placental weight (270.7 g vs 296.9 g, P = .004), length (14.2 cm vs 14.8 cm, P = .006), breadth (11.7 cm vs 12.2 cm, P = .007), maternal vascular malperfusion ( P = .004), and basal plate myometrial fibers ( P = .02). High-grade and multifocal low-grade VUE was associated with reduced placental length (13.9 cm vs 14.6 cm, P = .02)and breadth (11.5 cm vs 12.1 cm, P = .01). CCA did not show any other association. Conclusion: CPIL are common in PTB and their coexistence suggested a common pathogenic mechanism. Placental examination is the only definite way to identify as they lack clinical signs and symptoms. The smaller placental size associated with these lesions may suggest alter mechanisms for adverse pregnancy outcomes