Use of an Inclusive Option and the Optimal Number of Options for Multiple-Choice Items

Abstract

This study examined the validity of two item-writing rules in the design of test items: (a) the desirable number of options for a multiple-choice test item and (b) use of the inclusive none of these option. An experimental repeated measures design found that items with three options were more difficult than those with four options and items employing the none of these option were more difficult than those not using this inclusive option format. Neither format manipulation affected item discrimination. Therefore, evidence allows no recommendation for the none of these option but suggests an advantage for multiple-choice items with fewer than the traditional four or five options.