Prehospital technologies for early stroke detection – A review

Abstract

The rate of neural circuitry loss in a typical large vessel occlusion well emphasizes that ‘Time is Brain’. Every untreated minute in a large vessel ischaemic stroke results in loss of 1.9 million neurons and 13.8 billion synapses. As such, it is essential to optimize the flow-limiting steps in delivering the current standard of care. The current diagnostic model involves recognition of symptoms by patients, followed by access to Emergency Medical Services and subsequent physical examination and neuroimaging in the Emergency Department. With more than 50% of stroke patients using Emergency Medical Services as the first point of care contact, it can be deduced that the outcome of the ‘stroke chain of survival’ can be improved by addressing the bottleneck of prehospital stroke diagnosis. Here we present a review of the existing technologies.