Is a sampling transition zone important to increase the detection of prostate cancer in systematic prostatic biopsies?

Abstract

Background Use of transrectal ultrasound (US)-guided biopsies improved diagnosis and treatment for patients with high prostate-specific antigen (PSA) or abnormal digital rectal exam (DRE). Purpose To investigate whether taking two transition zone (TZ) biopsies in addition to routine prostate double-sextant biopsies (12-cores) would improve detection rates of prostate cancer (PCa). Material and Methods A retrospective analysis of 1107 in a single institution database after Institutional Review Board approval, which underwent US-guided prostate biopsies from January 2014 to June 2016. All patients with suspected PCa based on positive DRE or high PSA submitted to US-guided prostate biopsy (double-sextant 12-cores alone and 12-cores with two TZ extra cores) were included. Results A total of 1107 patients were included; 120 patients underwent double-sextant 12-cores alone and 987 underwent 12-cores with two TZ extra cores. Among patients submitted to two TZ extra cores, TZs of 755 (76.5%) patients were negative to neoplasia and 232 (23.5%) were positive to neoplasia. Among these patients, 26 (2.6%) had their final Gleason score increased with TZ core; TZ fragments of 20 (2.0%) patients led to a treatment change (re biopsy, active surveillance or from active surveillance to radiation therapy or radical prostatectomy). When the complication rate is analyzed (with or without hospital admission), among the patients submitted to TZ cores, 259 (26.2%) complications were observed; between those submitted to double-sextant 12-cores, 26 (21.7%) complications were observed ( P=0.279). Conclusion Extended core biopsy protocol with two TZ extra fragments improves detection rates of cancer when compared to double-sextant biopsy protocol without increasing complication rates. TZ routine cores should be considered.