Why Assertiveness Training Programs Fail

Abstract

This second decade of research in and practice of assertiveness training calls forth mixed reactions. This article identifies promising developments in contrast to recurrent mistakes found in such training programs. It discusses overlooked problems that arise in negative image, curriculum format, and generalizability of learned skills. Curriculum format, in particular, faces unresolved difficulties with definitions of assertiveness, models of training, and inadequacies of instructor preparation. Risks of established programs in business and psychotherapy may outweigh presumed benefits; elicited "assertiveness " may not result in positive short- and long-term outcomes for all persons in all situations. Recommendations to enhance interventions are provided, derived largely from behavioral systems theory.