Photoplethysmography based psychological stress detection with pulse rate variability feature differences and elastic net

Abstract

Detecting psychological stress in daily life is useful to stress management. However, existing stress-detection models with only heartbeat/pulse input are limited in prediction output granularity, and models with multiple prediction levels output usually require additional bio-signal other than heartbeat, which may increase the number of sensors and be wearable unfriendly. In this study, we took a novel approach of incremental pulse rate variability and elastic-net regression in predicting mental stress. Mental arithmetic task paradigm was used during the experiments. A total of 178 participants involved in the model building, and the model was verified with a group of 29 participants in the laboratory and 40 participants in a 14-day follow-up field test. The result showed significant median correlations between self-report and model-prediction stress levels (cross-validation: r = 0.72 (p < 0.0001), laboratory verification: r = 0.70 (p < 0.0001), field test r = 0.56 (p < 0.0001)) with fine granularity ratings of 0–7 float numbers. The correct prediction took 86%–91% of the testing samples with error standard deviation of 0.68–0.81 in the label space of 14. By simplifying the process of prediction with a perspective of stress difference and handling the collinearity among pulse rate variability features with elastic net, we successfully built a stress prediction model with only pulse rate variability input source, fine granularity output and portable friendly sensor.