Why we need to discuss statistical significance and p-values (again): Addressing the underlying issue of different probability interpretations and actionable recommendations

Abstract

Nursing practices must be evidence-based, yet grappling with statistics proves challenging, hampering the integration of research into patient care. Statistics, a branch of mathematics, is often viewed solely as a method across various disciplines, including nursing, focusing on analyzing and inferring from measurable data. As with other methods, it is easy to overlook underlying assumptions. Statistical significance and p-values are commonly used and misused concepts in statistics. While extensively discussed, these issues receive less attention in nursing. Papers addressing them often adopt practical approaches, overlooking the root cause: a misunderstanding of their meaning. To address this, I aim to clarify the fundamental concept underpinning these issues – probability – by defining its two main types, each carrying implications for statistical significance and p-values. In conclusion, I advocate for the continued use of p-values in nursing but emphasize the need for critical considerations in doing so.