Prevalence and socioeconomic factors in the prescription of concurrent amphetamine and alprazolam

Author:

Zarkowski Paul A1ORCID,Van-Den-Ende Alex R2,Groen Jacob A2ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

2. College of Osteopathic Medicine, Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences, Yakima, WA, USA

Abstract

Objective Goals were to determine the prevalence of concurrent prescription of amphetamine and alprazolam, and examine variation by socioeconomic factors. Methods Washington State’s Prescription Monitoring Program was reviewed for calendar years 2013 through 2017. Individuals receiving more than 180 days of amphetamine, alprazolam or both were tabulated for each zip code. Prescription rates were compared between zip codes with variation in rural/urban setting and fraction of low and high income households using a multiple regression. Results One in 3920 individuals in the general population of Washington State were taking a combination of alprazolam and amphetamine. The statewide prevalence of this combination increased 40.2% between 2013 and 2017. The prevalence of the combination in each zip code is significantly positively correlated with the fraction of high income households, p < 0.001, and urban area, p < 0.05. In contrast, the prevalence of amphetamine increased with both the fraction of high income, p < 0.001, and low income households, p < 0.01, with an incremental increase over twice as large with fraction of high income (b = 232 (25)) than low income households (b = 102 (38)). In contrast, alprazolam decreased in prevalence with the fraction of high income households, p < 0.05. Conclusions The prevalence of concurrent prescription of alprazolam and amphetamine correlates with local socioeconomic factors, including greater household income, instead of the prevalence of FDA indications, including anxiety disorders or ADHD. More clinical studies are required to establish efficacy and guidelines for safe use to mitigate the increased risk of accidents in patients taking concurrent amphetamine and alprazolam.

Publisher

SAGE Publications

Subject

Psychiatry and Mental health

Cited by 2 articles. 订阅此论文施引文献 订阅此论文施引文献,注册后可以免费订阅5篇论文的施引文献,订阅后可以查看论文全部施引文献

1. Mother's little helper turned a foe: Alprazolam use, misuse, and abuse;Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry;2025-01

2. Trends in Stimulant and Sedative/Hypnotic Dispensing: An Exploratory Study;Journal of Attention Disorders;2023-07-27

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