1. Quoted in Raymond Wolters, The Burden of Brown (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1984), 205.
2. Wolters, Burden of Brown , 206-7.
3. The literature on African American urban history is far too expansive to cite in its entirety here. A number of excellent essays, however, describe the contours of this vibrant historiography. Joe W. Trotter, Earl Lewis, and Tera W. Hunter, "Introduction: Connecting African American Urban History, Social Science Research, and Policy Debates," in Joe W. Trotter, Earl Lewis, and Tera W. Hunter , eds. The African American Urban Experience: Perspectives from the Colonial Period to the Present (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), 1-20; Kenneth W. Goings and Raymond A. Mohl, "Toward a New African American Urban History," in Kenneth W. Goings and Raymond A. Mohl, eds. The New African American Urban History ( Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1996), 1-16; Kenneth Kusmer, "The Black Urban Experience in American History," in Darlene Clark Hine, ed. The State of Afro-American History: Past, Present, and Future (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1986), 91-122. On the literature on migration, see James R. Grossman, Land of Hope: Chicago, Black Southerners, and the Great Migration (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989); Carole Marks, Farewell, We’re Good and Gone: The Great Black Migration ( Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989); Joe William Trotter, Jr., ed. The Great Migration in Historical Perspective: New Dimensions of Race, Class, and Gender ( Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991).