1. 1. World Bank, World Development Report 1987 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), pp. 92, 94. The evidence described here as “convincing” is, in fact, extremely thin: (1) the trade regimes of Hong Kong and South Korea are profoundly divergent both in history and in content; (2) correlation does not establish causation; (3) in a causal association the time lags should be indicated; (4) a sample of three countries is too small to establish a general rule, especially when one of the three — Singapore — has to be excused as an exception (see ibid., p. 92); (5) the sample omits the fastest-growing developing country, which was not an East Asian super exporter. Botswana's per capita income grew by 8.3 percent per annum between 1965 and 1985, compared with 6.6 percent per annum for South Korea and 6.1 percent for Hong Kong.
2. 2. Bela Balassa et al., Toward Renewed Economic Growth in Latin America (Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 1986), pp. 19, 21.