A systematic review of subcutaneous versus intramuscular or intravenous routes of opioid administration on pain outcomes in cancer and post-surgical clinical populations – challenging current assumptions in palliative care practice

Abstract

Objective The objective of this review is to investigate the use of the subcutaneous route of administration of analgesics, common practice within palliative medicine. Design Systematic review using consensus approach, direct comparison of subcutaneous route with intravenous and intramuscular routes. Results The limited available evidence demonstrates non-inferiority of the subcutaneous route in both cancer patients and those post-surgery. Pain management is comparable to other routes. Route-related side effects are rare and systemic side effects are comparable. Conclusion Pain management is a critical role of palliative medicine. The subcutaneous route of administration offers a viable option for the delivery of parenteral analgesia within all settings, including the community. This review supports current practice, demonstrating equivalence with more invasive routes of administration.