The biopsychosocial model – history, controversy and Engel

Abstract

Objective: The biopsychosocial (BPS) model remains the predominant theoretical framework underpinning contemporary psychiatric training and practice. Like all models, it has its limitations and its critics. In light of recent censure, The purpose of this article was to (a) review key aspects of the history, development and contemporary utility of the BPS model and, (b) review key contributions of George Engel. Conclusion: An aetiological model for mental disorders that involves psychological, biological and sociocultural factors has existed since at least the 1940s. The term “biopsychosocial” was arguably first coined by Roy Grinker in 1952. Spurred on by his interest in systems theory, Engel expanded upon the model in 1977 and used it to hypothesise about the integration of mind and body. Despite its shortcomings, the BPS model remains relevant and useful.