1. 2. Sage Bionetworks is an example of an open science advocate.
2. 28. See The Exposome in National Research Council, “Toward Precision Medicine: Building a Knowledge Network for Biomedical Research and a New Taxonomy of Disease” (2011): at 44, available at (last visited January 10, 2019).
3. 11. For description of these categories see Villanueva, supra note 3. Definitions reproduced here: open-access data-sharing initiatives offer data access with no required action, such as creating an account or submitting an application. Controlled-access data-sharing initiatives require an action, such as application submission and approval and/or data use agreement, to grant data access.
4. Dynamic Consent: a potential solution to some of the challenges of modern biomedical research
5. “Genomic Data Sharing Policy”;Annals of Internal Medicine,2014