1. 14. Muhari, P. , Gfroerer, J. , and Davies, M. C. , “Associations of Nonmedical Pain Reliever Use and Initiation of Heroin Use in the United States,” CHHSQ Data Review 2013, available at (last visited Sept. 22, 2017).
2. 23. Pub. L. No. 109-60 (2005).
3. States With Prescription Drug Monitoring Mandates Saw A Reduction In Opioids Prescribed To Medicaid Enrollees
4. 1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, “Provisional Counts of Drug Overdose Deaths, as of 8/6/2017,” available at (last visited Sept. 6, 2017). See Katz, J. , “New Count of 2016 Drug Deaths Shows Accelerated Rate,” New York Times, Sept. 3, 2017, at 14. It should be noted that the data slightly overestimate the number of deaths by substance because some overdose fatalities were the result of multiple drugs; but the data are based on state reports, which have a completeness of reporting of > 90%, and therefore slightly undercount the number of fatalities. It is not known precisely whether the over-counting and under-counting precisely cancel out. See Provisional Counts, supra at 2, Notes on Data Quality.
5. Access to Pain Management—Still Very Much a Human Right