Foot and Ankle Soft Tissue Sarcomas–Treatment and Oncologic Outcomes: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Abstract

Background: Foot and ankle soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) are rare neoplasms associated with a high risk of local recurrence and metastasis. Although amputation is often performed, its impact on prognosis remains unknown. The aims of our systematic review were identifying risk factors for (1) disease-specific death, (2) local recurrence, (3) metastasis, and assessing (4) whether the type of surgery (amputation or limb-salvage) affected disease-specific survival. Methods: This systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. The PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases were searched. Our study was registered in PROSPERO (ID: 415624). Quality appraisal was done using STROBE guidelines. Results: A total of 7 studies and 123 patients were included. Metastasis was the only risk factor for disease-specific death (OR = 107.85, P< .001). Previous unplanned excision (OR = 22.29, P  = .009) and positive margins (OR = 64.48, P  = .011) were associated with higher risk of local recurrence. Patients with high-grade tumors (OR = 13.22, P  = .023) and tumors ≥6 cm (OR = 7.40, P  = .022) were more likely to develop metastases. After adjusting for confounders (age, sex, and presence of metastasis), amputation was not associated with poorer disease-specific survival. Conclusion: Metastasis was the single most important risk factor for death with foot and ankle soft tissue sarcoma. Positive margins and history of previous unplanned excision are risk factors for local recurrence. The most important risk factors for metastasis are tumor grade and size ≥6 cm. Amputation was not associated with poorer disease-specific survival.