Revising the Diabetes Distress Scale for Use Among Adults in the Dominican Republic: Findings From Cognitive Interviews

Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to assess the content validity of the Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS) among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) living in rural Dominican Republic communities. Methods: Researchers conducted cognitive interviews with 20 adults with T2DM to assess how they answered a Spanish version of the 17-item DDS, a commonly used scale to measure diabetes distress. Interviews were done iteratively to allow for revisions and testing of those revisions with the participants. Analysis involved field notes, text summaries, and cognitive coding. Results: The sample was 55% women, had a mean age of 55 years, and came from 10 rural communities. The cognitive interviews highlighted needed changes across comprehension, judgment (clarity), recall, response process, and logical/structural issue domains. Participants generally understood the DDS; however, 4 items, the introduction, and response options were revised to improve participant response. The items were revised using wording from the participants themselves. By changing certain terms and splitting a couple of items, these items improved comprehension and judgment. The introduction was simplified from 2 paragraphs to 1 to reduce structural issues (ie, scale’s features), and the response options were reduced from 6 options to 5 options to improve the response process. Conclusions: Based on iterative study findings, the researchers propose expanding the 17-item DDS to 19 items to improve participant response. Revising the DDS to account for cultural and structural changes will improve clinical and public health understanding of the role of diabetes distress on T2DM management among Dominican adults.