Affiliation:
1. Vietnamese American Medical Research Foundation, Westminster, CA, USA
Abstract
Genetic studies have identified numerous factors linking β-adrenergic blockade to Parkinson’s disease (PD), including human leukocyte antigen genes, the renin–angiotensin system, poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase 1, nerve growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. β-Adrenergic blockade has also been implicated in PD via its effects on matrix metalloproteinases, mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, prostaglandins, cyclooxygenase 2, and nitric oxide synthase. β-Adrenergic blockade may have a significant role in PD; therefore, the characterization of β-adrenergic blockade in patients with PD is needed.
Subject
Psychiatry and Mental health,Geriatrics and Gerontology,Clinical Psychology,General Neuroscience
Cited by
5 articles.
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