Development of Online Technique for International Validation of the AO Spine Subaxial Injury Classification System

Author:

Lambrechts Mark J.1ORCID,Schroeder Gregory D.1,Karamian Brian A.1ORCID,Canseco Jose A.1ORCID,Oner Cumhur2,Vialle Emiliano3ORCID,Rajasekaran Shanmuganathan4ORCID,Hazenbiller Olesja5,Dvorak Marcel R.6,Benneker Lorin M.7,Kandziora Frank8,Schnake Klaus9,Kepler Christopher K.1,Vaccaro Alexander R.1,Goni ABM Morshed,Cheung Jason,Rodriguez Jose Arturo,Alhammoud Abduljabbar,Curri Chloe,Saeed Khalid,Fernandes Mauro,Ramieri Alessandro,Biera Bjorn,Sharma Jeevan,Wamae David,Luna Luis Muniz,Steiner Crag,Romero Itati,Khattab Mohamed,Ricciardi Daniel,Sultan Syed,Plakoutsis Sotiris,Gidvani Sandeep,Avero Richard,Akinjolire Akinwande,Sultan Assem,Mejer Catalin,Alkharsawi Mahmoud,Ricciardi Guillermo,Karagianni Aikaterini,Lim Phedy,Atan Ahmad,Veroni Andrea,Lindtner Richard,Bas Paloma,Lupinucci Daniel,Pemovska Emilija,Tadav Vivek,Enright Austin,Delgado-Fernandez Juan,Robinson Yohan,Ibrahim Ahmed,Valacco Marcelo,Medina Fabricio,Orosco David,Yuan Haifeng,Wong CC,Ortiz Miguel Angel Luna,Montemurro Nicola,Klezl Zdenek,Chen John,Panchal Ripul,Garfinkel Ignacio,El Salamouny Mohamed,Perovic Darko,Acosta Olga Marillo,Audiffred Alejandro,Weening Alexander,James Andrew,Fiorena Vito,Popescu Eugen Cezar,Subbiah Jayakumar,Ankit Desai,da Mota Moraes Rafael,Rosas Ronald Rioja,Benzakour Thami,Rodrigues-Pinto Ricardo,Pereira Paulo,Garcia Francisco Villarreal,Pluderi Mauro,Chung Chun Kee,Aldahamsheh Osama,Lucaciu Robert,Pallero Maria Garcia,Kalfopulos Baron Zarate,El-Sharkawi Mohammed,Soman Shardul,Harrop James,Freedman Brett,Bednar Drew,Alsammak Wael,Alhamal Hussain,Ruiz David,Lotan Raphael,Paterakis Konstantinos,Velasco Ricardo,Bernucci Claudio,Henine Amin,Ponnusamy Gunaseelan,Ganau Laura,Corredor Jose Alfredo,Duerinck Johnny,Buchireddygrai Neelakanta,Milano Jeronimo,Viswandaha Arun,Rowan Flynn,Guerra Oscar Gonzalez,Akman Yunus,Prisco Lara,Espinosa Guillermo,Linhares Daniela,Diniz Sara,Ramakrishnan Selvaraj,Aleixo Hugo,Ganau Mario,Rebholz Brandon,Moisa Horatiu,Gandia Maria,Rathinavelu Barani,Yassari Reza,Barry Sean,Ziabrov Aleksei,Almadni Khalid,Sofien Benzarti,Saciloto Bruno,Koerner John,Grin Andrey,West O. Clark,Gahlot Nitesh,Neves Nuno,El Hewala Tarek,Althanasiou Alkinoos,Rutges Joost,Mezjan Insafe,Wagner Scott,Francis Jibin,Goldenberg Yoni,Bernstein Mark,Tokala Devi,Dawoud Ahmed,Murugan Yuvaraja,Hinojosa Fabian,Magashi Tijjani,Arbatin Jose,de Negreiros Nanni Felipe,Franz Seibert,Teixeria Joaquim,Harris Colin,Weidert Simon,Russo Salvatore,Weidert Simon,Montoya Juan,Llombart-Blanco Rafael,Direito-Santos Bruno,Paez Rodolfo,Sribastav Shilabant,Toluse Adetunji,Elshamly Mahamoud,Teung Kwok Tsz,Ungurean Victor,Segar Anand,Pershin Andrey,Nguyen Quynh,Abdulsalam Asmatullah,Toluse Adetunji,Lopez William,Garg Bhavuk,Elshamly Mahmoud,Shariati Babak,Pitti Fernando Oviedo,Valdez Cristian,Fang Taolin,Ulloa Maximo-Alberto,Platz Uwe,Mohd Amin Mohamad Zaki,Mihoc Cristina,Alexander Hamish,Kundangar Raghuraj,Wu Meng-Huang,Bosco Aju,Costa Bruno,Ozdener Kubilay,Pritchard Patrick,Sorimachi Yasunori,Godinho Amauri,Subramanian Panchu,Mihakoshi Naohisa,Bhatt Pragnesh,Murguia Myriham,Alrubaye Ali,Tannoury Chadi,Yuh Sung-Joo,Li Nianhu,Fu Lingjie,Ackshota Nissim,Maue Nanette,de la Cruz Arturo Cabrera,Cheng Christan,Perozo Jose,Suri Tarun,Hurinovich Vasili,Marques Luis,Taboada Nestor,Konrads Chrisitan,Shoaib Mahmoud,Karmacharya Balgopal,Leontev Andrey,Gonzalez Hugo Arturo,Mannara Francisco,Kilincer Cumhur,Marji Ala’,Jetjumnong Chumpon,Mulbah Robert,Corluka Stipe,Wu Wen-Tien,Abdelgawaad Ahmed,Mandizvidza Valentine,Zubairi Akbar,Margetis Konstantinos,Niemeier Thomas,Guiroy Alfredoi,Lourido Juan,de Oliveira Ferreira Marcu,Medina Mauro,Hickman Zachary,Vieriera Rian,Smith Sean,Guasque Joana,Amadou Hassane,Bogna Alberto,Palaniappan Jagannath,Vernengo-Lezica Alejo,Cawley Derek,Figueiredo Alfredo,Dimas Noe,Landriel Federico,Kaen Ariel,Krywinski Fernando,Pillay Robin,Sartor Federico,Nicassio Nicola,Vahl Joachim,Sauri-Barraza Jose-Carlos,Atencio Johanna Valdeblanquez,O’Brien Andrew,Butler Joseph,Amini Nader,Gruenberg Marcelo,Krappel Ferdinand,Fernandez Norberto,Castillo Alejandro,Morande Sebastian Cruz,Gopalakrishnan Dilip,Fuego Segundo,Rodriguez Luis Miguel Duchen,Guillermo Miguel Martinez,Igualada Cristina,Idowo-Deifa Gbolabo,Morais Joao,Hackla Shafiq,Ramos Guilherme,Msuya Salim,Bavaresco Emanuele,Patel Ankit,Grozman Samuel,Abdul Waheed,Grundshtein Alon,Samano Hugo,Cari Lady Yemira,Bazan Pedro,Redaelli Andrea,Starantzis Konstantinos,Bronson Wesley,Demiroz Serdar,Kruyt Moyo,Nacer Mansouri,Estefan Martin,Abeid Mbarak,Manilha Rui,

Affiliation:

1. Rothman Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

2. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands

3. Spine Surgery Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Cajuru University Hospital, Catholic University of Parana, Curitaba, Brazil

4. Department of Orthopedics and Spine Surgery, Ganga Hospital, Coimbatore, India

5. Research Department, AO Spine, AO Foundation, Davos, Switzerland

6. Division of Spine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

7. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

8. Unfallklinik Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany

9. Center for Spinal and Scoliosis Surgery, Malteser Waldkrankenhaus St. Marien, Erlangen, Germany

Abstract

Study Design Global cross-sectional survey Objective To develop and refine the techniques for web-based international validation of fracture classification systems. Methods A live webinar was organized in 2018 for validation of the AO Spine Subaxial Injury Classification System, consisting of 35 unique computed tomography (CT) scans and key images with subaxial spine injuries. Interobserver reliability and intraobserver reproducibility was calculated for injury morphology, subtype, and facet injury according to the classification system. Based on the experiences from this webinar and incorporating rater feedback, adjustments were made in the organization and techniques used and in 2020 a repeat validation webinar was performed, evaluating images of 41 unique subaxial spine injuries. Results In the 2018 session, the AO Spine Subaxial Injury Classification System demonstrated fair interobserver reliability for fracture subtype (κ = 0.35) and moderate reliability for fracture morphology and facet injury (κ=0.45, 0.43, respectively). However, in 2020, the interobserver reliability for fracture morphology (κ = 0.87) and fracture subtype (κ = 0.80) was excellent, while facet injury was substantial (κ = 0.74). Intraobserver reproducibility for injury morphology (κ =0.49) and injury subtype/facet injury were moderate (κ = 0.42) in 2018. In 2020, fracture morphology and subtype reproducibility were excellent (κ =0.85, 0.88, respectively) while reproducibility for facet injuries was substantial (κ = 0.76). Conclusion With optimized webinar-based validation techniques, the AO Spine Subaxial Injury Classification System demonstrated vast improvements in intraobserver reproducibility and interobserver reliability. Stringent fracture classification methodology is integral in obtaining accurate classification results.

Funder

the AO Spine Research Department

Publisher

SAGE Publications

Subject

Neurology (clinical),Orthopedics and Sports Medicine,Surgery

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