Sex-Specific Differences in Hip Muscle Cross-sectional Area and Fatty Infiltration in Patients With Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome

Abstract

Background: Patients with femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS) show sex-specific differences in hip muscle function, hip morphology, and symptoms. Possible differences in hip muscle characteristics between men and women with FAIS are unknown. Purpose: To compare hip muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and fatty infiltration between men and women with FAIS and investigate possible associations with patient-reported outcomes. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed preoperative axial pelvic magnetic resonance imaging scans of 104 patients (54 women) who underwent hip surgery for FAIS. The main outcome measures were side-to-side percentage asymmetry in hip muscle CSA and involved-side fatty infiltration as measured with the Goutallier scale for a total of 10 hip muscles. Patient-reported outcomes included duration of hip symptoms, iHOT-12 (12-item International Hip Outcome Tool), and Hip Sports Activity Scale. Results: Women showed larger hip abductor muscle CSA asymmetry than men ( P = .018), particularly for the gluteus medius ( P = .049), while men exhibited more fatty streaks (grade 1) in the gluteus medius ( P = .015) than women. Duration of symptoms was associated only with fatty infiltration of obturator externus in men ( r S = –0.55, P = .018). iHOT-12 was associated with CSA asymmetry of the gluteus minimus ( r = –0.41, P = .011) and iliopsoas ( r = –0.36, P = .028) in men and with piriformis fatty infiltration ( r S = –0.56, P = .030) in women. The Hip Sports Activity Scale was associated with iliopsoas CSA asymmetry ( r S = 0.32, P = .026) and with fatty infiltration of the tensor fasciae latae ( r S = –0.45, P = .046) and obturator externus ( r S = –0.50, P = .023) in women. Conclusion: Patients with FAIS demonstrated few sex-specific quantitative and qualitative alterations of hip muscles. Women showed greater hip abductor muscle atrophy than men, particularly for the gluteus medius, while men showed a higher degree of fatty infiltration in this same muscle. The duration of hip symptoms was not associated with muscle atrophy. Patient-reported hip pain/function and sport activity level were only moderately associated with isolated muscular variables.