Noninvasive Brain Stimulation in Pediatric Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Author:

Rubio Belen12,Boes Aaron D.134,Laganiere Simon3,Rotenberg Alexander35,Jeurissen Danique36,Pascual-Leone Alvaro3

Affiliation:

1. Both are co-primary authors.

2. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

3. Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA

4. Harvard Medical School, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

5. Pediatric Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

6. Department of Vision and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Abstract

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders in the pediatric population. The clinical management of ADHD is currently limited by a lack of reliable diagnostic biomarkers and inadequate therapy for a minority of patients who do not respond to standard pharmacotherapy. There is optimism that noninvasive brain stimulation may help to address these limitations. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation are 2 methods of noninvasive brain stimulation that modulate cortical excitability and brain network activity. Transcranial magnetic stimulation can be used diagnostically to probe cortical neurophysiology, whereas daily use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation or transcranial direct current stimulation can induce long-lasting and potentially therapeutic changes in targeted networks. In this review, we highlight research showing the potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications of transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation in pediatric ADHD. We also discuss the safety and ethics of using these tools in the pediatric population.

Publisher

SAGE Publications

Subject

Clinical Neurology,Pediatrics, Perinatology, and Child Health

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