Preventive Health Screening for Women at Risk for Cardiovascular Disease: Targeting Women 40 to 64 Years of Age

Abstract

Objective: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has documented that the leading cause of death in the United States is cardiovascular disease (CVD). Specifically, CVD is responsible for the death of one out of every five women in the United States. Therefore, the research question was, “What specific diagnostic tests, including a novel approach to detecting abdominal aortic calcifications (AAC), could be added to screening women for CVD?” Materials and Methods: A prospective cohort of 14 female volunteers, between the ages of 40 and 60 years, were consented to sonography of the aorta, collection of demographic data, as well as contributing biometric data. Each volunteer gave informed consent in compliance with the university’s Institutional Review Board. Volunteers also were provided with a Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) release that was signed prior to the collection of any data. All sonographic images were analyzed post-examination and aortic calcifications were graded using a modified scoring system derived from a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-based grading system. Results: In this cohort of 14 females, their AAC category scores ranged from I to IIIB (grades: normal to multiple calcified atheroma). Descriptive statistics demonstrate that it is possible to document AAC on this cohort of women using sonography. Correlational statistics showed a statistically significant association between a volunteer’s posterior aortic-intimal media thickness (a-IMT) and their atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) 10-year risk score. Conclusion: This pilot study suggests the need for further research on screening techniques to determine women’s specific CVD risk in this age group. Although the preliminary results allude to sonographic measures of a-IMT being a possible CVD screening method in the future, more research data are needed.