Personal Guidance System for People with Visual Impairment: A Comparison of Spatial Displays for Route Guidance

Abstract

This article reports on a study of route guidance using a navigation system that receives location information from a Global Positioning System receiver. Fifteen visually impaired participants traveled along 50-meter (about 164-foot) paths in each of five conditions that were defined by the type of display interface used. One of the virtual displays—virtual speech—led to the shortest travel times and the highest subjective ratings, despite concerns about the use of headphones.