Sclerotherapy of Hydroceles

Abstract

Objective: To provide an overview of the indications, actions, efficacy, and safety of various sclerosants for medical treatment of hydroceles. Data Sources: Pertinent English-language literature dealing with human studies was retrieved from a MEDLINE search (1966–1994); search terms were sclerosant and hydrocele. Study Selection: All English-language clinical trials of sclerotherapy in males with hydroceles were selected. Studies included open, noncomparative study designs because of limitations of published literature. Case reports also were included if they addressed use or safety of sclerosants. Both authors reviewed all cited literature. Data Extraction: Data were extracted and analyzed if the information was relevant and consistent. Independent extraction was performed by both authors. Data Synthesis: Tetracycline, ethanolamine oleate, sodium tetradecyl sulfate, phenol, antazoline, polidocanol, and bismuth phosphate all have been used as sclerosants for hydroceles. All appear to have comparable efficacy; however, they differ in adverse effects. Severe pain upon injection into the scrotum has been reported with bismuth phosphate; pain is least common with phenol, antazoline, and polidocanol. Allergic reactions have occurred with phenol and tetracycline. Sodium tetradecyl sulfate may impair fertility. Conclusions: The most experience over the longest period of time is with tetracycline; however, the parenteral formulation was removed from the commercial market in 1992. Alternative agents with comparable efficacy that are available in the US include ethanolamine oleate, sodium tetradecyl sulfate, and phenol.