Incidence, Racial Disparities and Factors Related to Psychosis among Black Individuals in Canada: A Scoping Review

Author:

Cénat Jude Mary123ORCID,Dromer Élisabeth1,Darius Wina Paul1,Dalexis Rose Darly4,Furyk Sarah Elizabeth1,Poisson Hannah5,Mansoub Bekarkhanech Farid5,Diao David Guangyu6,Gedeon Andi Phaelle1,Shah Muhammad S.5,Labelle Patrick R.7,Bernheim Emmanuelle289,Kogan Cary S.12

Affiliation:

1. School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

2. Interdisciplinary Centre for Black Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

3. University of Ottawa Research Chair on Black Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

4. Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

5. Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

6. Faculty of Arts & Science, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

7. Library, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

8. Faculty of Law, Civil Law Section, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

9. Canada Research Chair on Mental Health and Access to Justice, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Abstract

Objective Black communities are increasingly concerned about psychosis, a worry echoed by provincial health-care systems across Canada. Responding to the lack of evidence on psychosis in Black communities, this scoping review examined the incidence and prevalence of psychosis, access to care (pathways to care, coercive referrals, interventions, etc.), treatments received, and stigma faced by individuals with psychosis. Method To identify studies, a comprehensive search strategy was developed and executed in December 2021 across 10 databases, including APA PsycInfo, CINAHL, MEDLINE and Web of Science. Subject headings and keywords relating to Black communities, psychosis, health inequalities, Canada and its provinces and territories were used and combined. The scoping review was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for Scoping review (PRISMA-ScR) reporting standard. Results A total of 15 studies met the inclusion criteria, all of them conducted in Ontario and Quebec. Results highlight different disparities in psychosis among Black communities. Compared to other Canadian ethnic groups, Black individuals are more likely to be diagnosed with psychosis. Black individuals with psychosis are more likely to have their first contact with health-care settings through emergency departments, to be referred by police and ambulance services, and to experience coercive referrals and interventions, and involuntary admission. Black individuals experience a lower quality of care and are the ethnic group most likely to disengage from treatment. Conclusion This scoping review reveals many gaps in research, prevention, promotion and intervention on psychosis in Black individuals in Canada. Future studies should explore factors related to age, gender, social and economic factors, interpersonal, institutional and systemic racism, and psychosis-related stigma. Efforts should be directed toward developing trainings for health-care professionals and promotion and prevention programs within Black communities. Culturally adapted interventions, racially disaggregated data, and increased research funding are needed.

Funder

Public Health Agency of Canada

Publisher

SAGE Publications

Subject

Psychiatry and Mental health

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