Cross-cultural measurement of social withdrawal motivations across 10 countries using multiple-group factor analysis alignment

Author:

Bowker Julie C.1ORCID,Sette Stefania2ORCID,Ooi Laura L.3,Bayram-Ozdemir Sevgi4,Braathu Nora5,Bølstad Evalill6,Castillo Karen Noel7,Dogan Aysun8,Greco Carolina9,Kamble Shanmukh10,Kim Hyoun K.11,Kim Yunhee11,Liu Junsheng12,Oh Wonjung13,Rapee Ronald M.14ORCID,Wong Quincy J. J.15,Xiao Bowen3ORCID,Zuffianò Antonio2,Coplan Robert J.3

Affiliation:

1. University at Buffalo, USA

2. Sapienza University of Rome, Italy

3. Carleton University, Canada

4. Örebro University, Sweden

5. Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Norway

6. University of Oslo, Norway

7. National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Argentina

8. Ege Üniversitesi, Turkey

9. Universidad del Aconcagua, Argentina

10. Karnatak University Dharwad, India

11. Yonsei University, Republic of Korea

12. Shanghai Normal University, China

13. Texas Tech University, USA

14. Macquarie University, Australia

15. Western Sydney University, Australia

Abstract

The goal of this study was to evaluate the measurement invariance of an adapted assessment of motivations for social withdrawal ( Social Preference Scale–Revised; SPS-R) across cultural contexts and explore associations with loneliness. Participants were a large sample of university students ( N = 4,397; Mage = 20.08 years, SD = 2.96; 66% females) from 10 countries (Argentina, Australia, Canada, China, India, Italy, South Korea, Norway, Turkey, and the United States). With this cross-cultural focus, we illustrate the multiple-group factor analysis alignment method, an approach developed to assess measurement invariance when there are several groups. Results indicated approximate measurement invariance across the 10 country groups. Additional analyses indicated that overall, shyness, avoidance, and unsociability are three related, but distinct factors, with some notable country differences evident (e.g., in China, India, and Turkey). Shyness and avoidance were related positively to loneliness in all countries, but the strength of the association between shyness and loneliness differed in Italy and India relative to the other countries. Results also indicated that unsociability was related positively to loneliness in the United States only. Theoretical and assessment implications are discussed.

Funder

Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada

Publisher

SAGE Publications

Subject

Developmental and Educational Psychology,Life-span and Life-course Studies,Developmental Neuroscience,Social Psychology,Social Sciences (miscellaneous),Education

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