Gender-Related Ideological and Structural Macrosocial Factors Associated With Intimate Partner Violence Against European Women

Author:

Zapata-Calvente Antonella Ludmila1ORCID,Megías Jesús L.2,Moya Miguel3ORCID,Schoebi Dominik4

Affiliation:

1. Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain

2. Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

3. Department of Social Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

4. Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland

Abstract

Intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) is investigated mostly at the individual level, which ignores the role of macrosocial variables and possible interactions between them. We explored how two ideological gender-related macrosocial factors (traditional gender role beliefs and attitudes toward gender equality) and one structural gender-related macrosocial factor (the economic Gender Equality Index) are associated with physical, psychological, and sexual IPVAW in Europe. We examined their interactions with individual-level factors in predicting IPVAW. Secondary analysis ( N = 30,284 heterosexual women) of the 2015 European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights’ Violence Against Women survey revealed that 26.1% of women in Europe reported at least one act of physical, psychological, or sexual violence. Generalized linear mixed models analysis revealed that individual-level factors (women’s education, childhood victimization, equal say about income, partner’s alcohol consumption, and an aggressive partner) were associated with IPVAW. Adding the Eurobarometer of Gender Equality ( N = 28 countries) and the Gender Equality Index ( N = 28 countries), attitudes more favorable to gender equality were related to lower rates of psychological victimization; more traditional gender role beliefs predicted higher rates of sexual victimization. Ideological gender-related macrofactors played an important role in cross-level interactions with individual-level factors. To reduce the rates of IPVAW victimization, clinicians, educators, and policy makers need to focus on individual predictors and macrofactors to promote societal attitudes toward equality and change traditional gender role socialization. Additional online materials for this article are available on PWQ’s website at http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/0361684319839367

Funder

Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte

Publisher

SAGE Publications

Subject

General Psychology,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous),Developmental and Educational Psychology,Gender Studies

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