A Sociological Approach to Fraud in Science

Abstract

This paper extends sociological theory into the controversial area of the presentation of fraudulent scientific results. Although representative evidence does not exist, sufficient cases are known to reveal that fraud is not uncommon in science. Using a 'systems' approach first, areas appear within science and on its periphery where the scientific community's sanctions are inoperative. On the margins of science, these categories include 'hired hands', pseudo-scientists and industrial scientists. Within the scientific community the lack of guaranteed detection of fraud also creates circumstances where sanctions are inapplicable. Within this framework, the 'action' approach indicates possible factors motivating individuals toward fraud. For many groupings, a major factor appear to be a commitment to a theory so strong that it overrides disconfirmation, and diminishes fears of detection. Other factors include career considerations and political views. In each case evidence is produced to show, prima facie, that fraud is prevalent in the circumstances outlined.