Sedoanalgesia with intravenous midazolam and fentanyl for angioplasty of dysfunctional arteriovenous access: A retrospective single-center analysis

Abstract

Background: Endovascular therapy, such as percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA), stenting, or embolization, is a well-established form of treatment to prolong the lifespan of arteriovenous access. These procedures, especially PTA, can be accompanied with severe pain. We reviewed and analyzed the efficacy, safety, and outcome of sedoanalgesia using intravenous midazolam and fentanyl, for pain relief during these procedures. Methods: Two hundred and two consecutive patients with dysfunctional dialysis access that had undergone endovascular procedure in our institute between July and November 2017 were included in this study. The dialysis access profile, procedure complication, and 10-point Visual Analog Scale (VAS) were collected. One-year clinical follow-up record was also collected to evaluate arteriovenous access patency and long-term complications. Results: Among the 202 patients, the mean age was (mean ± SD) 67.0 ± 12.08 years. Dialysis access profile of these patients were 119 (58.9%) native arteriovenous fistula and 162 (74.2%) forearm access. The number of lesions treated were 1.63 ± 0.802. Immediate complications included 11 (5.44%) nausea/vomiting, 24 (11.88%) desaturation (SpO2 < 90%, resolved after pillow removal or jaw trust), 16 (7.9%) hypotension (SBP < 90 mmHg, resolved without inotropic agents). There was a low average pain score (1.16 ± 1.594) during the procedure with 136 (67.3%) no pain (VAS 0–1) and 56 (27.7%) mild pain (VAS 2–4). Higher VAS score correlated with overweight patients, longer PTA time and pain after procedure. Six-month primary patency rate was 49.17% and primary assisted patency rate was 93.04%. Conclusions: Sedoanalgesia with intravenous midazolam and fentanyl is an easy, safe, and effective method for surgeons.