Anatomical variants of upper arm veins on preoperative mapping venography for hemodialysis access in Korean adults

Abstract

Introduction: The number of elderly patients requiring hemodialysis has increased, along with the need for multiple vascular access placements. Thus, the frequency of access creation using the upper arm veins, including transposed basilic arteriovenous fistula, has also increased. The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of anatomical variations in the upper arm veins on preoperative mapping venography and to investigate the implications of such variants on access creation. Methods: A total of 494 venograms were performed on 251 patients for primary access creation from June 2014 to June 2017 in this single-center, retrospective study. The venograms were classified into eight subtypes, based on the anatomical relationship between the basilic and brachial veins. The presence of bifid cephalic arches and brachial–basilic ladders was also examined. Results: The presence of bifid cephalic arches and brachial–basilic ladders was identified in 8.7% and 14.0% of cases, respectively. Paired brachial veins joined separately with the basilic vein in 67.4% of venograms, whereas these veins merged into a common brachial vein before connecting to the basilic vein in 13.1% of cases. A single brachial vein was present in 19.3% of cases. 15.7% of cases were considered unsuitable for basilic vein transposition due to the early confluence of the brachial–basilic vein, posing a risk of obliterating the deep venous drainage if transposed. Conclusion: There are significant anatomical variations of upper arm veins, and the recognition of certain variants can affect surgical planning and outcomes of access placement. It is important to identify anatomical variants of the upper arm veins during preoperative vein mapping.