Pitch Systems and Curwen Hand Signs: A Review of Literature

Abstract

Learning to sing from notation is a complex task, and accurately performing pitches without an external reference can be particularly challenging. As such, the use of mnemonic devices to reinforce tonal relationships is a long-standing practice among musicians. Chief among these mnemonic devices are pitch syllable systems and Curwen hand signs. This review of literature is intended to equip choral and general music educators with information on the (a) rationales, (b) classroom use, and (c) effectiveness of pitch systems and Curwen hand signs. Recommendations for educators include choosing a prevalent pitch system, namely movable do or scale degree numbers, and using Curwen hand signs in the manner originally intended by Curwen.