Development of the Protective Strategies for Psychedelics Scale: A novel inventory to assess safety strategies in the context of psychedelics

Author:

Mian Maha N12ORCID,Altman Brianna R3,Low Fiona4,Earleywine Mitch4ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA

2. Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA

3. Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA

4. University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY, USA

Abstract

Background: Individuals who use psychedelics take efforts to mitigate unintended consequences. Despite the demonstrated utility of analogous protective behavioral strategies (PBS) assessments for other substances, no standardized scale exists to capture these protective strategies for psychedelic use. Objective: The present study addresses a notable gap concerning the assessment of psychedelic use, specifically by developing a scale measuring the protective strategies employed around use, called the Protective Strategies for Psychedelics Scale (PSPS). Methods: A sample ( Mage = 36.85 years old, standard deviation = 10.3; male = 61.9%; White = 85.2%) of 434 adults with lifetime use of psychedelics reported on initial qualitatively developed items for the PSPS, PBS scales for cannabis and alcohol, and use of alcohol, cannabis, and psychedelics. Results: Iterative principal components analyses began with 37 items and yielded a 32-item two-factor solution demonstrating excellent internal reliability (Cronbach’s α = .95) and accounted for 51.3% of the variance. Nineteen items loaded on PSPS factor 1, which focused on long-term preparation, emphasizing strategies focused on mood/intentions, preparing the substance, environment, and scheduling episode of use; 13 items loaded on factor 2, which focused on short-term preparation, highlighting strategies surrounding social context, health, and other substances. The PSPS demonstrated convergent validity with validated PBS scales for cannabis and alcohol ( r = 0.71–0.79, p < 0.001), and was moderately associated with lifetime psychedelic use ( r = 0.28, p < 0.001). Conclusion: The PSPS demonstrates promising psychometric properties, and future work validating the scale for diverse samples across research and clinical settings is warranted.

Funder

National Institute on Drug Abuse

Source Research Foundation

Publisher

SAGE Publications

Subject

Pharmacology (medical),Psychiatry and Mental health,Pharmacology

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