Relapses are common in severe hematologic systemic lupus erythematosus and may be prevented by early institution of immunosuppressive agents: Α real-life single-center study

Abstract

Background Hematologic manifestations are common in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), either at initial presentation or during the course of the disease, but data regarding their natural history are scarce. Objective To describe the characteristics, treatments, and outcomes of severe hematological manifestations in a large cohort of lupus patients. Methods Retrospective cohort study of patients in the “Attikon” lupus cohort who had a history of a severe hematologic manifestation, defined as autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) with hemoglobin < 8 g/dL, thrombocytopenia with platelet count < 30,000/mm3, Evans syndrome with hemoglobin < 8 g/dL, and/or platelet count < 30,000/mm3, neutropenia with < 500 neutrophils/mm3, thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA)/thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)-like syndrome, or macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). Demographic and clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes were recorded. Results From over 300 patients with hematologic manifestations, 41 qualified as severe (70.7% women, mean [SD] age at SLE diagnosis 42.6 [18.0] years). Hematologic manifestations preceded SLE diagnosis in 13 patients (31.7%), was concomitant to SLE diagnosis in 16 patients (39%), and occurred during the course of the disease in 12 (29.3%) patients, with a mean (SD) disease duration of 8.7 (5.5) years. Thrombocytopenia was the most common severe hematological manifestation (56.1%), followed by AIHA (17.1%) and TTP-like syndrome (12.2%). For initial treatment, all patients were treated with glucocorticoids (GC), while rituximab and cyclophosphamide were the most frequently used immunosuppressive agents. Following initial treatment, relapse occurred in 22 patients (53.7%). Compared to patients that did not relapse, those that relapsed had less often received concomitant immunosuppressive agents following treatment of initial episode ( n = 17/23, 73.9% vs 5/17, 29.4%, p = 0.005). Conclusion Severe hematologic disease in SLE has a high risk of relapse, which may be mitigated by the early institution of GC-sparing agents.