An update in pulmonary hypertension in systemic lupus erythematosus – do we need to know about it?

Abstract

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a serious form of pulmonary complication that occurs less frequently in lupus than in other connective tissue diseases like scleroderma; however, it is likely that it is under-recognized in lupus. The symptoms of PH in lupus are non-specific (dyspnea, fatigue, impaired exercise tolerance) and can also be caused by other factors such as pleural or pericardial effusions, interstitial lung disease and many more, making it possible to miss the diagnosis. There are several potential causes of PH in lupus including thromboembolic disease, pulmonary vasculitis, and hypoxia and fibrosis from interstitial lung disease. Endothelin-1 is elevated in lupus and may be associated with PAH. In some studies, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) has been found to be a major cause of mortality in lupus patients. Echocardiograms are a screening tool, but may yield false positives, and a right heart catheterization must be performed to confirm PAH. Early identification is important and can alter the natural history of this dangerous complication of lupus. Treatment of PAH associated with lupus includes standard PAH treatment as well as immunosuppression.