Normalisation by default and normalisation by design: A systematic review of empirical studies on the normalisation of prison life

Abstract

Normalisation is an important principle when shaping life in prison. The conceptualisation and operationalisation of normalisation are not straightforward, which merits a systematic review of the literature. This article reports the results from such a review, drawing on 16 empirical studies from a range of countries. Four relevant domains of normalisation in prison were identified: design, facilities and services, atmosphere, and identity. Additionally, the origins and dominant norms underpinning normalisation were found to differ depending on the local context: ‘normalisation by default’ resulted from resource scarcity and the importation of pre-existent roles, hierarchies and goods, while ‘normalisation by design’ was an intentional effort to shape prison conditions in line with conventional norms. These different manifestations were associated with different limitations and possible benefits. The article also discusses how normalisation is related to resocialisation and responsibilisation, and offers underexplored areas that deserve attention in future research.