Profiling of Toxicity and Identification of Distinct Apoptosis Profiles Using a 384-Well High-Throughput Flow Cytometry Screening Platform

Abstract

Methods and techniques used to detect apoptosis have benefited from advances in technologies such as flow cytometry. With a large arsenal of lasers, fluorescent labels, and readily accessible biological targets, it is possible to detect multiple targets with unique combinations of fluorescent spectral signatures from a single sample. Traditional flow cytometry has been limited as a screening tool as the sample throughput has been low, whereas the data analysis and generation of screening relevant results have been complex. The HTFC Screening System running ForeCyt software is an instrument platform designed to perform high-throughput, multiplexed screening with seamless transformation of flow cytometry data into screening hits. We report the results of a screen that simultaneously quantified caspase 3/7 activation, annexin V binding, cell viability, and mitochondrial integrity. Assay performance over 5 days demonstrated robustness, reliability, and performance of the assay. This system is high throughput in that a 384-well plate can be read and fully analyzed within 30 min and is sensitive with an assay window of at least 10-fold for all parameters and a Z′ factor of ≥0.75 for all endpoints and time points. From a screen of 231 compounds, 11 representative toxicity profiles highlighting differential activation of apoptotic pathways were identified.