Entropy generation on biomagnetic gold-copper/blood hybrid nanofluid flow driven by electrokinetic force in a horizontal irregular channel with bioconvection phenomenon

Abstract

Present research deals with the study of time-dependent pulsatile MHD (Magnetohydrodynamics) hybrid nanofluid with entropy optimization and electrokinetic force in a channel. The current mathematical model is formulated as the [Formula: see text] blood (Casson fluid) hybrid nanofluids flow between the bottom and wavy top walls. The pulsatile flow is subjected to an inverse magnetic field of uniform force to study the effect of the resulting Lorenz force. Exact solutions for velocity, temperature, heat transfer rate, and streamlines are constructed by employing the perturbation approach to evaluate coupled nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs). The velocity [Formula: see text] of the blood-based [Formula: see text] hybrid nanofluid increases with increasing values of the electro-osmotic parameter. The higher values of copper-gold nanoparticle volume fraction increase the entropy generation [Formula: see text]. This theoretical investigation helps estimate entropy in systems biology, which is used to treat cancer and improve the function of medical devices.