Numerical investigation on separated turbulent flow in a three-dimensional U-turn duct with spanwise diverging

Abstract

The flow in a U-turn duct with a 180-degree curved section is a typical model of various applications such as the bend and return channel in multi-stage radial turbo-machines. The flow exhibits complex patterns including the separation on the inner wall, highly sheared flow in the curved and downstream sections, and recovery of deficit flow to uniform flow. Most of current researches focus on the simplified models of two-dimensional plane duct or three-dimensional duct with constant cross-section, while in realistic circumstances the duct can be varying in the shape and area of the cross-section to meet the design requirement. In this work, we performed a numerical investigation on the turbulent flow in a U-turn duct with spanwise diverging at Reynolds number Re = 106. The effect of diverging, as represented by the height of the duct, on the formation of secondary flow, flow separation and recovery is explored, and the three-dimensionality of the separated flow is quantitatively assessed. Numerical results reveal that with stronger spanwise diverging, the flow separates earlier from the inner wall and the size of the separated vortex is larger; the primary characteristics of the secondary flow also change significantly. The three-dimensional separated flow substantially affects the flow in the downstream straight duct that both streamwise and radial velocities exhibit fluctuating patterns as a result of the spatially non-uniform separation. The characteristics of boundary layer flow on all solid walls are also analyzed and discussed regarding the pressure field and local shearing.