1. I use the term ‘West Indian’ to describe Black people in British colonies in the Caribbean, prior to Independence.
2. Christopher Stuart Taylor, Flying Fish in the Great White North: the autonomous migration of Black Barbadians (Halifax, Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing, 2016).
3. Nicholas Keung, ‘From Happy Hill to Parliament Hill’, Toronto Star, 30 June 2011.
4. Keung, ‘From Happy Hill to Parliament Hill’.
5. Austin Clarke, Growing Up Stupid Under the Union Jack: a memoir (Toronto: Thomas Allen Publishers, 2005), p. 211.