A Tribological Comparison of Facet Joint, Sacroiliac Joint, and Knee Cartilage in the Yucatan Minipig

Abstract

Objective Pathology of the facet and sacroiliac (SI) joints contributes to 15% to 45% and 10% to 27% of lower back pain cases, respectively. Although tissue engineering may offer novel treatment options to patients suffering from cartilage degeneration in these joints, the tribological characteristics of the facet and SI joints have not been studied in either the human or relevant large animal models, which hinders the development of joint-specific cartilage implants. Design Cartilage was isolated from the knee, cervical facet, thoracic facet, lumbar facet, and SI joints of 6 skeletally mature Yucatan minipigs ( Sus scrofa). Tribological characteristics were assessed via coefficient of friction testing, interferometry, and immunohistochemistry for lubricin organization. Results Compared with the knee, the coefficient of friction was higher by 43% in the cervical facet, 77% in the thoracic facet, 37% in the lumbar facet, and 28% in the SI joint. Likewise, topographical features of the facet and SI joints varied significantly, ranging from a 114% to 384% increase and a 48% to 107% increase in global and local surface roughness measures, respectively, compared with the knee. Additionally, the amount of lubricin in the SI joint was substantially greater than in the knee. Statistical correlations among the various tribological parameters revealed that there was a significant correlation between local roughness and coefficient of friction, but not global roughness or the presence of lubricin. Conclusion These location-specific tribological characteristics of the articular cartilages of the spine will need to be taken into consideration during the development of physiologically relevant, functional, and durable tissue-engineered replacements for these joints.